I just watched Professor Ansari talking to Fareed Zakaria on CNN. I intend to educate myself, through his work, about Iranian history which this man has devoted his career to doing, and who is desperately sad to see the current tragedy unfolding in the Middle East.
Hegseth removes four officers from military promotion list: report
Story by Ariana Baio
• 1w
The Independent
Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth is reportedly attempting to block four Army officers, two women and two Black men, from a military promotion list to become one-star generals – though his motivations are unclear.
Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth on Thursday asked the Army’s top general to step down from his role and immediately retire, extending the Trump administration’s purge of top military officials and creating a key Pentagon vacancy amid the largest U.S. conflict in the Middle East in two decades.
Army Chief of Staff Gen. Randy George made it almost three of his four years in the post, which began during the Biden administration. The Pentagon, which confirmed the firing, did not specify why. The high-ranking general had served as a senior military aide to former Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin, so was not seen as a Hegseth loyalist.Army Chief of Staff Gen. Randy George made it almost three of his four years in the post, which began during the Biden administration. The Pentagon, which confirmed the firing, did not specify why. The high-ranking general had served as a senior military aide to former Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin, so was not seen as a Hegseth loyalist.
Amazon Middle East datacenter suffers second drone hit as Iran steps up attacks
News
Apr 2, 20264 mins
Huge sums invested by US tech companies are at risk as the Iranian strategy of targeting datacenters becomes clear.
Iranian drones have targeted Amazon’s largest Middle East datacenter in Bahrain for the second time in a month in part of what appears to be a planned strategy to disrupt the region’s digital economy.
According to press reports, the ME-SOUTH-1 (Bahrain) AWS site, operated by telecom company Batelco, was hit by the latest drone attack on April 1. Bahrain’s interior minister confirmed to the FT that the attack had caused a fire.
On April 2, the AWS Service Health status page for ME-SOUTH-1 stated that AWS services in Bahrain have been “impacted”, the lowest of three levels of disruption.
However, social media posts by users suggest that the site became unavailable after being attacked around 4am (9pm ET).
Iran first attacked the ME-SOUTH-1 and ME-CENTRAL-1 (United Arab Emirates) on March 1, causing major disruption to services. At the time, Amazon advised Middle East customers to shift AWS workloads to other parts of the world.
“Customers should enact their disaster recovery plans, recover from remote backups stored in other Regions, and update their applications to direct traffic away from the affected Regions,” Amazon said.
Amazon was contacted for comment on the latest Bahrain drone incident, but said it had nothing to add beyond the statement in its current advisory.
Denial of infrastructure
Doing the damage is the Shaheed 136, a small and unsophisticated drone designed to overwhelm defenders with numbers. If only one in twenty reaches its target, the price-performance still exceeds that of more expensive systems.
When aimed at critical infrastructure such as datacenters, the effect is also psychological; the threat of an attack on its own can be enough to make it difficult for organizations to continue using an at-risk facility.
Iran’s targeting of the Bahrain datacenter is unlikely to be random. Amazon opened its ME-SOUTH-1 AWS presence in 2019, and it is still believed to be the company’s largest site in the Middle East.
Oracle office in Dubai hit in Iran strikes? What UAE said
Story by Edited by Sanstuti Nath
• 2d
Oracle Office In Dubai Hit In Iran Strikes? What UAE Said
Amid Iran’s continued attacks on US and Israeli targets in the Middle East, the authorities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have denied reports claiming that the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) have targeted a data centre belonging to American tech firm Oracle in Dubai.
Oracle’s data center services cost $30 billion per year for OpenAI’s needs, as reported in July 2025. This includes building and operating massive facilities like the Stargate project in Texas. TechCrunch DCD
And the center is a target now:
Several days ago, the IRGC named Oracle among a group of American corporations it accuses of enabling U.S. and Israeli military activity, alongside Apple, Boeing, Cisco, Google, HP, IBM, Meta, and Microsoft. Oracle has cloud and artificial intelligence contracts with the U.S. Department of Defense, and its chairman, Larry Ellison, has longstanding ties with Israel, which were among the factors cited in the accusations. In addition, the IRGC targeted American aluminum and steel industries in Bahrain and the UAE, as well as Rafael arms factories in Israel.
While the officials in the United Arab Emirates have not confirmed any successful hit on infrastructure in Dubai. Bahrain’s Ministry of Interior confirmed that an Iranian strike has set ‘a facility of a company’ on fire. That company is said to be Batelco, the country’s largest telecommunications company that hosts infrastructure for Amazon Web Services.
Middle East datacentre capacity set to triple by 2030
Driven by government vision, booming demand for cloud and artificial intelligence, and strategic investments, the region is rapidly becoming a global digital hub, reshaping the future of connectivity and technology
The Middle East datacentre market is undergoing a massive transformation, emerging as a global powerhouse for digital infrastructure.
This evolution is fuelled by a convergence of factors: ambitious government-led digital strategies, surging demand for cloud and artificial intelligence (AI) services, cost-optimisation imperatives and the arrival of both global hyperscalers and innovative local providers.
The United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia and Qatar are positioned as a digital gateway between Asia and Africa, and the region’s datacentre ecosystem is set to triple in capacity by 2030, reshaping the global digital landscape.
Luis Bravo, senior analyst research EMEA at datacenterHawk, highlights the region’s unique strengths: “First, it’s about access to power and energy, the Middle East is a gateway for Asia and Europe, and many submarine cables are from Singapore, India, and Africa to Oman, the UAE and Saudi Arabia. That’s a big driver, and energy generation capacity is key, the location and energy capacity are major advantages.”
According to the Middle East datacentre construction market – industry outlook & forecast 2025-2030 report, the Middle East datacentre construction market is projected to reach almost US$7bn by 2030. This expansion is driven by a robust pipeline of new projects. Currently, existing third-party capacity is around 500MW (megawatts), and forecasts suggest it will triple to 1.5GW (gigawatts) by the end of the decade.
“The datacentre market in the Middle East is undergoing a major transformation right now. We’re seeing digitalisation accelerate at a remarkable pace, and what’s particularly notable is the proactive role that governments in the region are playing in driving this shift,” say Anisha Walia and Ismael Moreno-Gomez, manager and principal at Analysys Mason.
Regional hubs and strategic advantages
The UAE and Saudi Arabia are at the forefront of this transformation, leveraging their strategic locations, robust digital infrastructure and ambitious national visions. Dubai, in particular, has established itself as a regional datacentre hub, boasting world-class connectivity and a regulatory environment that attracts both global enterprises and cloud providers. Abu Dhabi and Riyadh are also key centres, with significant investments in innovative city projects and AI-driven initiatives.
Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 and the UAE’s National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031 are not only catalysing domestic demand but are positioning these nations as global technology hubs.
“The region’s going through a major digital transformation, with more people and businesses moving to the cloud,” says Shumon Zaman, chief information and digital officer at Ali & Sons.
“Then there’s the explosion of smart city projects like Neom in Saudi Arabia, which need powerful tech backbones to run. Plus, governments are pushing for data localisation, keeping data within national borders, which means local datacentres are a must. Lastly, there’s a big shift toward sustainable energy, and new datacentres are being built with green tech in mind.”
Walia and Moreno-Gomez from Analysys Mason add: “For example, in Saudi Arabia, digital transformation is a core part of Vision 2030. There’s a whole ecosystem of programmes that have been put in place, from the Digital Government Strategy and the establishment of the Digital Government Authority to widely used platforms like Absher, Seha Virtual Hospital and Tawakkalna. These are real, tangible efforts that are making a difference in how citizens engage with government services.”
The UAE is also making rapid progress on this front. Its Digital Government Strategy 2025 is very focused on creating user-centric, data-driven services. And it’s not just about the front end, the government is also investing heavily in infrastructure, particularly around cloud and AI, through initiatives such as the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031.
At the same time, the GCC is seeing a massive surge in demand for AI inference, cloud and digital services. Between 2025 and 2029, cloud services in the region are projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 9-11%. This is being fuelled by changing consumer behaviour, more e-commerce, digital payments, gaming and streaming. All of this is adding pressure on the existing infrastructure and creating strong demand for both hyperscale and colocation datacentres.
The hyperscaler wave
The Middle East’s strategic importance has not gone unnoticed by global hyperscalers. Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google Cloud, Microsoft Azure and Oracle have all established or announced cloud regions in the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Qatar, often partnering with local telecom giants or government-backed entities.
Amazon Web Services, for instance, has committed more than US$5bn to develop new datacentres in Saudi Arabia, while Google Cloud and Microsoft have launched cloud regions in Dubai and Dammam, respectively.
While global players make headlines, local providers are equally instrumental in shaping the region’s datacentre landscape. Khazna Data Centers, headquartered in Dubai, is a standout example. With a mission to build and operate highly secure, energy-efficient and scalable facilities, Khazna has become a trusted partner to enterprises seeking cost-effective, sustainable infrastructure.
“Because of the growth we have seen in the region in Khazna, we have increased our capacity. During Covid, the way businesses adopted the cloud enabled us to scale to fulfil their needs. For us, the demand is in the GCC, mainly because of local regulations where data is required to be kept within the country,” says Greg Jasmin, head of international client development at Khazna Data Centres.
Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps claimed on April 1 that 37 US military officers were killed in an attack on a covert gathering point in the UAE, as part of five naval operations launched since dawn, according to an IRGC statement.
The U.S. Navy has evacuated the Bahrain-based Naval Support Activity (NSA) Manama, the headquarters of the U.S. 5th Fleet, after the facility was subjected to multiple strikes. The Pentagon confirmed that 1,500 sailors, their families, and pets were relocated from NSA Bahrain to the Naval Station Norfolk in Virginia.
Why it matters
The evacuation of the U.S. 5th Fleet headquarters in Bahrain is a significant development, as it marks the first time the U.S. has been forced to abandon a major naval command center since World War II when the Philippines were invaded by Japan. This move highlights the escalating tensions and security challenges in the region.
The details
Satellite images confirmed that at least seven buildings, including communication infrastructure and warehouses, were destroyed at NSA Manama in the first week of the attacks. American sailors arrived in Norfolk with only what they could carry in their backpacks, and local community organizations are being mobilized to provide basic necessities.
On February 28, the first day of Operation Epic Gloom, NSA Manama was subjected to the initial strikes.
In the first week, at least seven buildings were destroyed at the facility.
Iran’s military said Friday that it had downed a second US jet in the Gulf, following earlier reports of an F-15 fighter going down in the country’s southwest.
After F15 was shot down over Iran, so far one pilot has been recovered, the other is being sought.
The missing airman, a weapon systems officer, was aboard a US F-15 fighter jet that was downed in southern Iran, CBS reports
It’s not known what has happened to the missing crew member – a pilot who was also on board has been rescued
Iranian security forces are searching the region for the airman – officials in the country are urging citizens to find the crew member “alive” and are offering rewards for their capture, state media says
Iran says it has shot down a second US warplane over the Gulf – US media reports an A-10 Warthog was shot at during a search-and-rescue mission for the first downed aircraft
The pilot of the Warthog reportedly ejected over the Gulf and has been rescued
Elsewhere, Israel says it has carried out a new series of attacks on “key infrastructure” in Tehran. In Israel, emergency services say one person is injured from shrapnel after a missile attack from Iran was intercepted
According to Military Machine, The A-10 Thunderbolt II costs about $18.8 million per aircraft. This makes it one of the more affordable combat aircraft in the US Air Force, especially given its role in close air support missions.
The cost has changed over time. In the 1970s, the original flyaway cost was about $9.8 million per aircraft. When adjusted for inflation, that comes to around $18.8 million today. The total program cost per aircraft was about $13 million in 1994 dollars, including development.
The F-15E Strike Eagle serves as the primary tactical bomber for the US Air Force. The F-15E Strike Eagle historically cost $31.1 million, adjusting to over $65 million today. Costing $19,000 per flight hour, this Mach 2.5 jet carries a massive 10,400-kilogramme payload.
Reports say two US helicopters were hit during recovery operations linked to a downed aircraft in Iran. All crew members are safe, though some injuries have been reported.
US reportedly fired over 850 Tomahawk missiles in four weeks of war with Iran. Heavy usage raised concerns over supply and rising costs inside the Pentagon. Each missile costs over $2 million, making large-scale use expensive.
Back in March 2025 this extract from an article on asymmetric warfare seems to have not impacted the Pentagon strategy:
Throwing Money at the Problem
In January 2025, the U.S. Navy disclosed that it has fired more than 200 missiles to repel Houthi attacks on civilian shipping in the Red Sea since November 2023, at a cost of hundreds of millions of dollars.
This includes 120 SM-2 missiles priced at around $2.1 million each, eighty SM-6 missiles at $3.9 million apiece, and twenty Evolved Sea Sparrow and SM-3 missiles estimated to cost between $9.6 million and $27.9 million each, as well as 160 rounds from 5-inch naval guns.
Of course, the comparison is not as simple as measuring a million-dollar interceptor against a thousand-dollar drone.
When a NATO destroyer engages a drone or missile in the Red Sea, it does so to prevent it from hitting a military target, thus killing sailors and damaging equipment worth hundreds of millions of dollars, or striking an unprotected civilian ship, creating the risk of environmental disaster if an oil spill occurs.
Houthi disruption in the Red Sea has already cost the global economy and financial markets hundreds of billions of dollars, so mitigating this threat with a few missile interceptors can represent a good return on investment.
Militaries are therefore seeking ways to tip the economic calculus back in the defender’s favor. The U.S. and British navies, for example, are exploring the possibility of re-arming missile tubes at sea, a first-time endeavor, to reduce the time, money, and fuel required for ships to return to port after expending their munitions.
They are also racing to expand electronic warfare capabilities to jam, spoof, blind, or confuse incoming drones and munitions.
Perhaps most ambitiously, they are experimenting with high-powered lasers and microwave weapons. These directed-energy systems, once the stuff of science fiction, offer the prospect of a low-cost way to destroy targets within the weapon’s line of sight. Following a recent test of its DragonFire laser system, the UK Ministry of Defense claimed that it cost just twelve dollars USD per shot to down aerial targets such as small drones and mortar rounds, despite the $120 million spent on development.
Beyond active defenses, militaries are pursuing more passive measures to reduce the threat and expense of hostile air, missile, and drone strikes. Examples include dispersing forces, employing camouflage and decoys, and investing in fortifications or backup systems to minimize the impact of attacks.
Alongside punitive retaliation, these tactics aim to deter and disincentivize attackers, shifting the cost-benefit calculation in the defenders’ favor.
In addition to the many ways of dealing with threats “right of launch,” when enemy drones or missiles are airborne, there is renewed interest in addressing them “left of launch,” before they can be enacted.
President Donald Trump’s fiscal year 2027 budget request asks Congress to deliver the largest military outlay in American history while directing hundreds of millions of dollars towards White House renovations, funded in part by cutting billions from health research, education, housing and climate grants
Musk under pressure after Starlink link to Russian ships
Story by August M
Musk under pressure after Starlink link to Russian ships
An investigation cited by TVP World found that vessels linked to Russia’s so-called “shadow fleet” are using Elon Musk’s Starlink system to communicate and coordinate operations.
According to the Kyiv Independent, which conducted the investigation, sailors working on these ships said they unknowingly became part of the covert network used to keep Russian oil exports flowing despite restrictions.
Hidden network
The shadow fleet refers to a group of aging tankers used to avoid Western sanctions on Russian oil exports.
Experts say these vessels often rely on opaque ownership structures and evasive tactics to continue operating
According to the Kyiv Independent, communication between ships and operators is maintained using Western tools, including satellite phones and Starlink terminals.
“It could be purchased through a proxy company. As far as I know, it is difficult to buy a Starlink in Ukraine now. Elsewhere in the world, you can simply order it and have it delivered by mail. It is not a weapon; everybody can buy it,” one sailor said.
Calls for action
Ukrainian officials have urged SpaceX to respond to the findings.
“Any activity by Russia’s shadow fleet effectively finances the war against Ukraine. If Starlink is being used to evade sanctions or bypass maritime safety rules, this is unacceptable,” said Vladyslav Vlasiuk, an adviser on sanctions policy, as quoted by the Kyiv Independent.
“We expect SpaceX to review this issue carefully and take steps to prevent the use of Starlink by shadow fleets of any country, including Russia, Venezuela or Iran.”
Wider concerns
The report adds to existing worries about unauthorized Russian access to Starlink technology.
According to previous reporting, Russian forces have attempted to use the system on the battlefield, prompting efforts to restrict access.
SpaceX has said it has taken steps to limit such use, including technical and contractual measures introduced in recent months.
The findings highlight ongoing challenges in enforcing sanctions and controlling the spread of dual-use technology during the conflict.
The Lebanese Red Cross is the largest humanitarian organization in Lebanon, with approximately 7,000 members/volunteers and 200 staff personnel. It operates over 250 ambulances and 46 first-aid centers across the country. Wikipedia redcross.org.lb
I received this email update:
I’m writing with another update on the evolving situation in Lebanon. Since I last emailed you, the situation in the south has deteriorated.
The scale of suffering people are now facing here is unprecedented, even for somewhere that has seen so much hardship over the years.
As conflict continues to escalate, evacuation orders are in place across roughly 20% of the country. One in five people are now registered as displaced and living in shelters, host communities, informal sites and public spaces.
People are having to make difficult choices: leave their homes for crowded shelters, or stay and risk being caught up in the fighting.
Amid this crisis, the Lebanese Red Cross remains a lifeline to people here, and we’re doing all we can to support their efforts. Local teams have been setting up shelters, and making sure those still in their homes have enough food and water to get by.
They’re also supporting those who are sick and injured. With 14 hospitals closed or damaged, and 54 health centres not operating, medical services are under severe strain. As I write this, Lebanese Red Cross ambulances are being dispatched to treat casualties, transfer blood units and transport patients.
The risks to humanitarian teams responding to the conflict in the Middle East are significant. Devastatingly, four Red Cross and Red Crescent colleagues have been killed, and many have been injured, while trying to save lives across the region.
These tragedies highlight how critical it is that every medic, every aid worker, every person carrying out life-saving humanitarian work is able to do it safely.
I want to end by reiterating something I’ve said before. Under international humanitarian law, humanitarian workers, including Red Cross and Red Crescent staff and volunteers, must be protected.
And that goes for other places, too. Around the world, Red Cross and Red Crescent teams are risking their lives amid conflict and crises to reach those who need help most – and your support is vital.
Just days ago:
……….claim were true, it would not justify broad attacks. Under international humanitarian law, an army must demonstrate that a specific object is being used for military purposes, for example, a particular ambulance in a particular location at a specific time. “You cannot simply declare that all ambulances are legitimate targets,” Bekerle said.
“What we’re seeing between Lebanon and Gaza is this big broadening of what constitutes an ‘acceptable’ target to the military,” she added. “The reality is that a civilian entity affiliated with a non-state armed group is not automatically targetable.”
Israel’s massive and unprecedented displacement orders in Lebanon have made the work of Lebanese first responders all the more dangerous.
Moussa Shaalan, a medic with the Lebanese Civil Defense in the coastal city of Sour, told Drop Site that the current war is the hardest he has experienced in more than three decades of service.
“The difference this time is that there are many more people in the villages,” Shaalan said. “They say they can’t afford the rent in other parts of the country…and that when they fled north, they were humiliated. They tell you they would rather die at home,” he added. “So the demand for emergency services under dangerous conditions is much higher.”
Most of the places being struck are still densely populated and full of children, Shaalan added. He fears the death toll will continue to rise, particularly since Israel has begun targeting civilian infrastructure such as bridges and roads that enable rescue teams to reach the wounded.
Karaki, the IHA spokesperson, said Israel’s attacks on first responders are part of a broader effort to force people from the region.
“The presence of a team of first responders offers a last remaining sense of security for people who have chosen to remain steadfast on their land,” he said. “That’s why the occupation targets healthcare workers who have nothing to do with what’s happening on the battlefield.”
Lylla Younes Investigative journalist and writer based in Beirut
Stablecoins are a type of cryptocurrency designed to maintain a stable value by pegging to fiat currencies, commodities, or financial instruments, aiming to offer a less volatile alternative to cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.
There are four primary types of stablecoins: fiat-collateralized, commodity-backed, crypto-collateralized, and algorithmic. Each employs different mechanisms to maintain price stability; many can be found through top crypto exchanges.
Despite their potential benefits, investors should be cautious. Stablecoins involve third-party auditors for verification of reserves, which introduces risk in a system aiming to minimize third-party reliance.
Regulatory scrutiny of stablecoins is increasing worldwide due to their growing market impact, with various jurisdictions implementing measures to ensure they are backed by adequate reserves.
Tether (USDT) is the most widely used stablecoin, consistently ranking as one of the top cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, pegged to the U.S. dollar with a 1:1 backing.1
What Are Stablecoins?
Stablecoins, which can be found through top crypto exchanges, are designed to bridge the gap between the unpredictability of popular cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin (BTC) and the stability required for everyday financial transactions. By pegging their value to fiat currencies, commodities, or other financial instruments, stablecoins offer a crypto alternative with reduced volatility. As a result, they provide a more consistent medium of exchange capable of fulfilling daily transactional needs, unlike their more volatile cryptocurrency counterparts.
Stablecoins are an important part of the cryptocurrency market. Their value is designed to remain steady and they let people move money.Investopedia / Daniel Fishel
The Significance of Stablecoins in the Cryptocurrency Market
Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency. On Oct. 6, 2025, it reached an all-time high of $126,198.07; however, it experiences significant price swings. For example, its price increased from around $6,000 in March 2020 to over $63,000 in April 2021, then dropped nearly 50% in the next two months. It often fluctuates over 10% in just a few hours.2
This volatility appeals to traders but makes everyday transactions risky for buyers and sellers. Investors holding cryptocurrencies for long-term appreciation don’t want to become famous for paying 10,000 Bitcoins for two pizzas. Similarly, most merchants don’t want to lose money if the price of a cryptocurrency plunges after they get paid in it.
For a currency that isn’t legal tender to work as a medium of exchange, it must stay relatively stable to ensure short-term purchasing power. In traditional fiat exchange, even 1% daily movements are rare.
As the name implies, stablecoins aim to address this problem by promising to hold the value of the cryptocurrency steady in a variety of ways.
Important
Investors should be cautious with stablecoins because they need an auditor to verify their reserves. While most auditors are trustworthy, auditing introduces another third party into a system meant to minimize third-party involvement.
Some argue that stablecoins are unnecessary because the U.S. dollar is widely accepted. Others believe digital currencies not controlled by central banks are the future. With that in mind, four types of stablecoins, based on the assets used to stabilize their value, have been created.
Tether (USDT) and TrueUSD (TUSD) are popular stablecoins backed by U.S. dollar reserves and denominated at parity to the dollar.34 As of December 2025, Tether (USDT) was the third-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, worth more than $184 billion.5
Posted: 5 February 2025, 11:00 CETUpdated: 25 June 2025, 10:55 CET5 min read
Giancarlo Devasini, a former plastic surgeon turned crypto billionaire, is one of Italy’s top 5 richest people. He’s the Chief Financial Officer of Bitfinex, a major crypto exchange, and Tether, the company behind the USDT stablecoin.
Devasini is the largest shareholder of Tether, with an estimated 47% stake, which, according to Forbes, is the source of his $9.2 billion fortune. This makes him the 3rd richest person in crypto, behind Binance founder Changpeng Zhao (CZ) and Coinbase’s Brian Armstrong.
Cantor Fitzgerald is Tether’s investment banker and has advised the stablecoin issuer with its push into the Bitcoin mining industry, Swan noted in the filing.
Nev Shalev found Epstein wrote emails ( located in The Files ) in 2013 to Thorbjørn Jagland in order he try and get Putin to utilise his plan to undermine the US dollar using the concept of stablecoin. This was a year before Putin invaded and occupied Crimea.
Already there were reported assertions about Thorbjørn Jagland (a month ago) and his relationship with Jeffrey Epstein, prior to Nev Shalev’s (see Narativ,Substack) finds:
And a trove of emails spanning years suggests that ThorbjørnJagland, a former prime minister, foreign minister, Nobel peace prize chair and secretary-general of the Council of Europe may have accepted luxury holidays to Epstein’s Palm Beach resort and his private Caribbean island, sought personal loans and engaged in sexual banter with Epstein. Police at Norway’s economic crimes unit are investigating Jagland on suspicion of aggravated corruption. Jagland has denied wrongdoing and through lawyers says he is “confident of the outcome” of the investigation.
Putin’s name appears more than 1,000 times in the released Epstein files, but the majority of those references come from news clippings and media digests Epstein received rather than his personal correspondence.
Epstein’s private emails, however, show repeated attempts in the 2010s to arrange a meeting with the Russian president, often through former Norwegian prime minister Thorbjørn Jagland. There is no evidence in the Justice Department files that such a meeting ever took place.
The Genius Act if July 2025 has now passed into law:
Tether’s situation is more complicated. USDT is the dominant stablecoin by market cap, but Tether is not a U.S.-based entity and has historically been less transparent about reserve composition. The GENIUS Act applies to any stablecoin used by U.S. persons, which means Tether either needs to comply or risk losing access to U.S. exchanges. How Tether navigates this over the next year will be one of the most consequential stories in crypto.
For smaller stablecoin projects, the compliance bar just got significantly higher. A startup issuing a dollar-pegged token from a DAO cannot meet monthly audited reserve requirements the way a regulated financial institution can. The law effectively consolidates the market around well-capitalized, compliant issuers.
Banks Are Coming, and the FDIC Already Made the First Move
On December 16, 2025, the FDIC approved a proposed rule that would let FDIC-supervised banks issue payment stablecoins through subsidiaries. The OCC followed with its own proposed rulemaking on February 25, 2026. Both agencies are working toward a July 18, 2026 deadline to finalize regulations, exactly one year after the law was signed.
This is the part that most crypto-native commentary underestimates. The GENIUS Act goes beyond restricting existing stablecoin issuers. It is an on-ramp for traditional banks to enter the stablecoin market. JPMorgan, Bank of America, and any FDIC-insured institution can now apply to issue their own dollar tokens. They bring existing deposit infrastructure, regulatory relationships, and distribution networks that dwarf anything in crypto today.
The practical effect over the next two to three years could be a stablecoin market that looks very different from the current USDT/USDC duopoly. Bank-issued stablecoins with FDIC-supervised reserve structures could capture significant market share, particularly for institutional use cases like settlement, payroll, and cross-border payments.
Mar 30 | America has assembled the largest naval and air concentration in the Persian Gulf since 2003. It has rarely had less ability to use it safely.
This photograph, taken from the southern city of Tyre, shows rockets fired from Lebanon towards Israel on March 24, 2026 | Kawant Haju
The ground invasion is grinding. The tankers are burning. The coalition is fracturing. And Iran still hasn’t fired its most consequential weapon.
Black smoke and flames rise from a burning compound following an Iranian missile strike. March 2026 | Fortune
Situation Snapshot — as of 23:59 GMT, March 30, 2026
The 82nd Airborne Division’s 1st Brigade Combat Team arrived in the Middle East on March 30, assessed as deploying to Kuwait’s Camp Arifjan, bringing total US military personnel in theater to more than 57,000 — the largest concentration since the 2003 invasion of Iraq, per Al Jazeera and Reuters.
Iran’s Strait of Hormuz toll mechanism was formalized this week. The GCC Secretary-General confirmed Iran is charging vessel passage fees settled in Chinese yuan. Iran’s parliament is moving to legislate the mechanism into permanent infrastructure, per Fortune and Lloyd’s List.
Spain closed its airspace to US military aircraft on March 30, per Air & Space Forces Magazine.
US CENTCOM has declared more than 9,000 targets struck since February 28. Reuters reported on March 27 that US intelligence can confirm destruction of approximately one-third of Iran’s total missile arsenal.
Day 32 is drawing closer to a moment that is going to define this conflict, the reality is that I will be writing many more of these updates — maximum US force in theater does not signal winding down, it does not signal no boots on the ground, it conflicts with every claim for diplomacy and claim of supremacy coming from Tel Aviv and Washington. The IDF is trapped in a ground campaign in Lebanon that is bleeding armored formations, Washington faces a degraded aerial logistics chain, and an adversary that still hasn’t used its most capable remaining weapon. There is far too much in the grey area to even comfortably declare that the US and Israel have effective regional supremacy.
1. Israel’s War Is Existential — and Lebanon Is Hezbollah’s Meat Grinder
Footage of a Hezbollah fiber-optic guided FPV drone tracking an armored vehicle — fiber-optic guidance renders standard electronic jamming ineffective. Hezbollah released the first confirmed footage of the weapon striking an Israeli Merkava tank in southern Lebanon on March 26, 2026. Southern Lebanon, March 26, 2026 | Times of Israel / CCD
Israel launched its ground operation into southern Lebanon on March 14. As of March 30, Israeli forces have not achieved a decisive advance to the Litani River, per Al-Ahram Weekly. Israel’s air campaign conducted 306 waves of airstrikes against Hezbollah targets between March 2 and March 15, with 63 percent concentrated south of the Litani River, per Alma Research Center.
Hezbollah claimed 96 operations against IDF forces on March 26 in a single day, including anti-armor attacks across the Taybeh-Qantara, Deer Syrian, Alcantara, Deb, and Alibaba axes in southern Lebanon, and missile strikes on the HaKirya IDF central command compound in Tel Aviv, per Al-Manar. Israel confirmed two soldiers killed and six wounded in the same period, per IDF spokesperson.
On March 26, Hezbollah released footage of the first confirmed fiber-optic FPV drone strike on an Israeli Merkava tank in Lebanon. Fiber-optic guidance renders electronic jamming ineffective. The Merkava in the footage carried no anti-drone cage armor, per Washington Examiner and FW-Mag. Hezbollah separately claimed destruction of a second Merkava via guided missile in Khyam, with crew casualties reported, per Al-Manar.
Israel is simultaneously absorbing ballistic missiles and drones from Iran, Hezbollah rockets and missiles reaching up to 120 kilometers inside Israeli territory, and Houthi ballistic and cruise missiles from Yemen, per ISW’s March 29 update.
Israel informed the United States it was running “critically low” on ballistic missile interceptors as of March 14, per Semafor citing US officials. Israel entered the current conflict already depleted — the June 2025 twelve-day war saw Iran launch approximately 550 ballistic missiles, during which the US expended more than 150 THAAD interceptors, approximately one quarter of total US inventory at the time, per CSIS. Arrow 3 interceptor production averages approximately 24 units per year, per the New York Times.
Israel is trapped, it started a war on the assumption that a decapitation strike and aggressive bombing campaign could crush Iran before it got started. They were wrong, Iran was ready, they saturated Tel Aviv’s defenses, they had Hezbollah batter down Israels door, Israel has been burning for weeks, its ground invasion is seeing the same attrition that Russian forces had in Ukraine. Armored Colums no longer work in a traditional military sense, Hezbollah is using fiber optic drones, this technology pioneered by Russia and Ukraine is devastating and proven. It’s use in Lebanon signals something that western militarys across the world must aknowledge, multi million dollar tanks are not the future of warfare, they are a liability. If a 500 dollar drone can destroy a 3.5 – 10 million dollar tank, technological dominance no longer is an effective deterrent. Israel cannot absorb the 70+ claimed Tank hits by Hezbollah. It can answer with more tanks, but those tanks will face the same problem. Israel is now being hit from three sides, Hezbollah, Iran, and the Houthis. Israels war is not longer about toppling Irans regime, it is about whether or not the Irans axis will stomp out what it views as a Zionist threat once and for all. Israel has killed hundreds of thousands and stolen land, carried out genocide, that is a fact. None of its neighbors are rushing to bail them out, Europe views them as the ugly cousin of America that no one likes, and America doesn’t seem like it can bail Israel out this time. Tel Aviv is in trouble and the odds are not in their favor.
2. Thousands of Troops — Nowhere Safe to Stage Them
US Marines kneel on a field beside an MV-22 Osprey as the Pentagon dispatches additional forces to the Middle East. March 2026 | New York Times
The 82nd Airborne Division’s 1st Brigade Combat Team — the Immediate Response Force, approximately 2,000 paratroopers — arrived in theater on March 30, assessed as deploying to Camp Arifjan, Kuwait, per Al Jazeera and NPR. The USS Tripoli Amphibious Ready Group, carrying approximately 2,200 Marines with F-35Bs embarked, entered CENTCOM’s area of operations this week, per Al Jazeera. The USS Boxer Amphibious Ready Group, carrying the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit from Camp Pendleton, departed San Diego on March 19 and is not expected in theater until mid-April. Total US military personnel in theater now exceeds 57,000. An IISS senior fellow noted to Al Jazeera that the 2003 invasion of Iraq — a country significantly smaller than Iran — required approximately 300,000 troops.
Every major US installation in CENTCOM’s area of operations has sustained Iranian strikes during this campaign, per ISW and Air & Space Forces Magazine.
Prince Sultan Air Base was struck on March 27 by six ballistic missiles and twenty-nine drones. Four of six missiles penetrated Patriot coverage. Fifteen US personnel were wounded. One KC-135 tanker was destroyed and one E-3 Sentry AWACS was essentially destroyed — satellite imagery confirmed by The Aviationist via Sentinel-2 SWIR data showing fire on the apron. The Aviationist assessed the term “damaged,” used in initial reports, as “clearly an understatement.”
A US military request for blast barriers with a 72-hour delivery turnaround was reported within the current operational window, per reporting in the current campaign period.
The Iraqi government has not provided basing rights for offensive operations. Overland routes through Iraq into Iran’s operational periphery remain contested, per Al Jazeera.
The first 100 hours of Operation Epic Fury cost an estimated $3.7 billion — approximately $891 million per day — per CSIS.
The Pentagon is surging assets to the Middle East, whether it be destroyers, armored divisions, its premier airborne paratroopers, and its spear tip units Marine MEU’s, what matters more than sending troops is what you do with them. They need shelter, mess halls, uniforms, everything that most people take for granted. An army is only as good as it’s supply chain, the American force in the gulf has no lifeline. There is no resupply, units are being pulled from around the world not drawn up from calculated prepositioned reserves for this operation. If we were being generous and extended them a scenario where they had done all of those things… and in theory there was likely a large quantity of prepositioned assets. That does not change that US bases in the region were deemed largely uninhabitable, as they surge thousands of troops to the middle east where there are bases with no shelter, likely limited to no A/C. A successful campaign is not fought whilst– figuring it out. It is won with meticulous planning and a well supplied and healthy force. Washington can provide none of those things, it cannot even ensure the security of its most valuable command and control assets at the most hardened airbase in the region. This is room for major concern, they can send the troops, but what do they do with them when their basing apparatus is in ruins, when theyre early warning system and air cover capacity is degraded? The way the Pentagon is acting– it does not seem like they have any answers.
3. Tit for Tat — Making America’s Allies Think Twice
Burning vehicles amid debris and smoke following Iranian retaliatory strikes — Reuters confirmed the image as part of Iran’s March 30 wave. March 30, 2026 | Reuters
Iranian strikes on March 29 hit the Alba aluminium facility in Bahrain, injuring two employees, and the Emirates Global Aluminium plant in Abu Dhabi, causing what the company described as “substantial damage” and injuring six workers, per ISW’s March 29 Special Report. Iran simultaneously formalized its Hormuz toll system, with fees confirmed to be settled in Chinese yuan, per Fortune and Lloyd’s List, as Iran’s parliament moved to legislate the mechanism as permanent infrastructure.
India — Indian Foreign Minister Jaishankar engaged directly with Iranian Foreign Minister Araghchi. Two LPG carriers, the Pushpak and the Parimal, transited the Strait of Hormuz successfully on March 14. India is negotiating passage for at least 23 additional tankers, per the Wall Street Journal.
Pakistan — Pakistan brokered a 20-ship Hormuz transit arrangement, confirmed by Al Jazeera on March 29.
China — China sources approximately 45 percent of its oil through the Strait of Hormuz and entered direct negotiations with Tehran for crude oil and Qatari LNG passage from the conflict’s earliest days, per Reuters, citing three diplomatic officials. At least 30 vessels claimed Chinese ownership or crew on their AIS transponders in the conflict’s first weeks to secure transit, per Reuters.
Japan — Japan sources 90 to 93 percent of its crude oil through the Strait of Hormuz. Iranian Foreign Minister Araghchi communicated directly with Japanese Foreign Minister Motegi on March 21, committing to permitting the transit of Japanese-related vessels, per Al Jazeera and the Japan Times. Japan activated strategic petroleum reserve releases and emergency energy measures. Japan’s pacifist constitution prevents the deployment of warships to the strait, per Al Jazeera.
South Korea — South Korea implemented its first domestic fuel price cap since the 1997 financial crisis, per ABC Australia. North Korea launched ten ballistic missiles into the Sea of Japan on March 18, exploiting the redeployment of US assets from the Korean Peninsula, per ABC Australia.
Australia, the UK, and the Five Eyes — US asset redeployments from the Indo-Pacific are generating documented concern about reduced deterrence capacity against China across the region, per ABC Australia.
Spain — Closed airspace to US military aircraft on March 30, per Air & Space Forces Magazine.
Germany’s Foreign Minister stated, “Are we about to become actively involved in this conflict? No,” per PBS NewsHour.
France — Conditioned any escort mission support on hostilities diminishing first, per PBS NewsHour.
Ukraine — Providing intelligence and limited technical assistance to the coalition, per ISW.
This strategy is tactically the right move, the United States has historically had the pressure to leverage concessions out of European and Gulf “allies” however Iran is demonstrating a new strategy. Make that compliance more costly than removing themselves from the conflict. Every time the US or Israel hit a target in Iran, Iran strikes America’s allies, Israel hits steel, Iran hits Aluminium production in the UAE and Bahrain. It is not the US that gets punished for American and Israeli action, it is those states that host its forces and global trade. Iran is deliberately not escalating, their strikes are still also tailored to damage not destroy key facilities like De-Salination and Refineries. The message is not that we will destroy you, its that we can, so make the right choice. This presents them as giving Gulf monarchies an off ramp, stop allowing US strikes, we wont do billions of dollars in damage. For Gulf states, accepting this would be to accept that Iran has defacto control of gulf shipping. This alters the dynamic of the Horn of Africa and the middle east in a massive way.
4. The Room That Can’t Read the Map
US Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth addresses troops, as Reuters reported his directive to slash the senior-most ranks of the US military. At least 24 generals and admirals were fired or forced out in the twelve months before Operation Epic Fury began. March 2025 | Reuters
In the twelve months before Operation Epic Fury began, the United States fired or forced out at least 24 generals and admirals, according to Reuters and Foreign Policy. Among those removed: the CENTCOM commander who built the Iran operational architecture, the NSA director running signals intelligence collection against Iranian forces, and the Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency. The DIA Director was removed after his agency assessed that June 2025 strikes on Iranian nuclear sites had delayed Iran’s program by months rather than years — directly contradicting the president’s public claim that the sites had been “obliterated,” per Reuters and Foreign Policy.
The current CENTCOM commander, Admiral Brad Cooper, took command six months before the conflict began, inheriting an operational plan built by Army General Michael Kurilla, who spent more than three years developing institutional knowledge of Iran’s specific order of battle, underground infrastructure, and force posture, per Foreign Policy.
Lieutenant General Joe McGee — Joint Staff director of strategy and war plans, with 10 combat deployments — was forced out four months before the war began amid sustained tensions with Pentagon leadership, per Foreign Policy.
US CENTCOM has surpassed 6,000 combat sorties in Operation Epic Fury, per Army Recognition.
Reuters reported on March 27 that the US can confirm the destruction of approximately one-third of Iran’s missile arsenal despite more than 9,000 declared targets struck.
The degree of what I coin as leadership rot has becoming nearly undeniable at this point, the purge of high quality leadership across the pentagon is well documented. When Pete Hegseth took control of the Pentagon, a record number of generals and admirals were sent out the door. This operation is un coordinated, reactionary, and chaotic because no one has the operational knowledge and expertise to react to a peer level adversary when they expected a quick and easy regime change. The decisions being made lack tactical backing, because those decisions are being drawn from a book, not devised by a brain trust of military excellence. This may be the single scariest part of this for me, as what that means for possible outcomes, when facing a tactical adversary as advanced and well entrenched as Iran is a non-starter from Day 1. My observation is that the United States and Israel have not held the initiative, Iran has, that initiatve dictates the direction of a conflict, and it is absolutely being steered in a direction that no one in the Situation room is prepared for.
5. Bend It Until It Breaks — Running a War on Dinosaurs
Damaged US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker refueling aircraft on the tarmac at Prince Sultan Air Base following an Iranian strike. Five KC-135s were damaged in the March 13 strike — a second strike on March 27 destroyed one more and damaged three additional airframes. Prince Sultan Air Base, Saudi Arabia, March 2026 | via Wall Street Journal
The KC-135 Stratotanker fleet sustaining Operation Epic Fury’s extended-range air campaign averages more than 60 years of age per airframe. The KC-46A Pegasus replacement program remains years behind schedule and numerically insufficient to cover the gap, per Breaking Defense. Veteran KC-135 base commanders described to The War Zone a fleet operating with no meaningful parts inventory in which every flight hour represents irreplaceable material degradation.
On March 12, a KC-135 crashed in western Iraq, killing all six crew members. A second tanker involved in the same incident was rendered non-operational, per CENTCOM, Al Jazeera, PBS NewsHour, Reuters, and Breaking Defense.
On March 27, the Prince Sultan Air Base strike destroyed one KC-135 and damaged three more, per Air & Space Forces Magazine. Satellite imagery published by The Aviationist, confirmed via Sentinel-2 SWIR data, showed fire on the apron consistent with multiple aircraft losses.
Five KC-135 tankers were damaged in an earlier strike on Prince Sultan Air Base on March 13, per the Wall Street Journal and Al Jazeera.
The E-3 Sentry AWACS essentially destroyed on March 27 was one of six based at Prince Sultan, per Air & Space Forces Magazine and The Aviationist.
A fire broke out in the laundry room dryer vent aboard the USS Gerald R. Ford and burned for more than 30 hours. More than 600 sailors were displaced from berths and reported sleeping on floors and tables. Three sailors were injured. The Navy and CENTCOM confirmed the ship remained fully operational and continued flight operations, per the New York Times, Navy Times, and Stars and Stripes.
Spain’s airspace closure on March 30 compresses the geographic options available for positioning tanker orbits supporting operations in theater, per Air & Space Forces Magazine.
Radar installations supporting Patriot and THAAD batteries have sustained confirmed damage across multiple strikes during the campaign, per ISW.
Iran is striking radars, it is hitting refueling tankers, and forcing the US to put thousands of flight hours on airframes that are on their last legs. At this point, the attrition delivered on US forces is visible, and constitutes a re-evaluation of the tactical picture. Iran keeps hitting key assets, Washington cant keep its bases from burning, the USS Gerald R. Ford the most advanced aircraft carrier in the world as forced to dock because of a laundry room fire that destroyed 4 berths, forced the US to liquidate its entire stock of black boots from European stockpiles and cost 10s of millions of dollars in damage. The United States does not appear collected, it appears to be fraying at the seams, as its military doctrine faces something created to pick at the fiber that holds US military supremacy and doctrine together. This fiber frays more and makes more key assets more vulnerable. This is a feedback loop, the US can send in more naval assets, but those assets require a different type of resupply, one that is vulnerable to the weapons that Iran has held conspicuously in reserve. Those bases were essential to US regional doctrine, they worked with US naval forces to create a situational awareness that was meant to counter Iranian missile threat. That doctrine has failed, the US is failing to adjust with the rapidity needed, and it is showing.
6. Kharg Island Is a Kill Box
Bloomberg annotated satellite map of Kharg Island showing oil terminals, storage, the airfield struck March 13, power plant, and port facilities. Kharg Island, Persian Gulf, Iran | Bloomberg
Kharg Island processes approximately 90 percent of Iran’s crude oil exports and sits approximately 25 kilometers off Iran’s southwestern coast, per standard geopolitical reference sources. The USS Tripoli Amphibious Ready Group — carrying approximately 2,200 Marines with F-35Bs embarked — is the assessed amphibious assault force for any Kharg operation, per Al Jazeera.
Reuters reported on March 27 that US intelligence can confirm destruction of approximately one-third of Iran’s missile arsenal. Independent OSINT analysts and satellite imagery have contradicted multiple IDF and CENTCOM claimed strike outcomes throughout the campaign.
No US minesweeper assets have been confirmed in theater, per ISW. Iran retains one of the world’s largest naval mine inventories — including moored contact mines, bottom influence mines, and rocket-propelled mines deployable by submarine, surface vessel, or aircraft — per CSIS.
Iran retains coastal TEL-launched anti-ship ballistic missiles capable of targeting surface combatants throughout the Persian Gulf. No confirmed systematic destruction of coastal TEL infrastructure has been independently verified in open source, per ISW and Reuters.
Iran’s IRGC Navy fast attack craft fleet remains largely intact. No confirmed naval engagement at scale has occurred in this campaign, per ISW.
Houthi forces demonstrated sea drone capability against commercial shipping during the 2024 Red Sea campaign. That capability has not been deployed against US naval assets in the current conflict, per ISW.
No hospital ships have been confirmed in theater, per ISW. Gulf Cooperation Council partners face documented Iranian threats against any medical facility treating US casualties, per ISW.
Kharg Island is the only point of leverage that a desperate Washington can see, Hormuz is closed, and they cannot force it open. India, Pakistan, and China are showing that there is another way. If the United States cannot open the strait, it runs the risk of losing its soft power over its key allies. Japan, Europe, Australia, and others. Kharg Island is what they view as that last ditch chance to get Iran to change direction. Iran knows it, Hormuz is a kill box, the United States intends to sail 2,200 marines into it. Those ships run the risk of entrapment, there are no minesweepers, Iran has not used an antiship ballistic missiles, the Houthis have not deployed sea drones, hundreds of TELS are unaccounted for despite claims from the IDF and CENTCOM, which have been proven by real satellite imagery and OSINT analysts to be largely fabricated. What Iran wants is the prize, a symbolic victory, and American sailors in the water, marines stranded and dying on Kharg Island, and the symbol of US power projection, a ship bearing a presidents name aflame or sinking to the bottom of a shallow strait. This is what Iran is setting up, and it appears to be what the United States is sailing into. A desperate enemy is the easiest to defeat, and Washington and Tel Aviv are desperate, and that has big consequences.
U.S. Air Force airmen prepare for aerial refueling on a KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft during Operation Epic Fury over the U.S. Central Command area of responsibility, March 20, 2026. | (U.S. Air Force photo) U.S. Central Command Public Affairs
By Day 32, Operation Epic Fury has surpassed 9,000 declared targets struck, 6,000 combat sorties flown, and 57,000 US personnel deployed — the largest US military concentration in the Persian Gulf since 2003, per CENTCOM, Army Recognition, Al Jazeera, and Reuters. US intelligence assesses confirmed destruction of approximately one-third of Iran’s missile arsenal, per Reuters. Patriot battery capacity across the theater is assessed at approximately 40 to 50 percent, per ISW and JINSA. The aerial refueling architecture sustaining extended-range strike operations has absorbed the confirmed loss or destruction of at least three KC-135 airframes and damage to several more across two separate strikes on Prince Sultan Air Base and one crash in Iraq. Spain’s airspace closure on March 30 further compresses tanker orbit options. Iran has not yet deployed anti-ship ballistic missiles against naval assets, sea drones, or activated its naval mine inventory. The selective Hormuz passage system has produced bilateral transit arrangements with India, Pakistan, China, and Japan — each negotiated independently of the US-led coalition, per Al Jazeera, Reuters, Wall Street Journal, and Japan Times. Germany declined participation, France conditioned support on hostilities diminishing, and Spain closed its airspace on the same day the 82nd Airborne arrived in theater, per PBS NewsHour and Air & Space Forces Magazine.
The United States is at peak physical presence and declining operational freedom simultaneously. Iran is at peak strategic patience and advancing terminal strike positioning simultaneously. Everything visible in the open-source record is consistent with an adversary that has engineered a specific terminal outcome and is waiting for the conditions to ripen. The question for Day 33 is not whether Iran’s strategy is working. It is whether anyone in the room managing this war is capable of reading the map before the shot opens, and even if they are, is leaving hundreds of sailors and marines stranded on Kharg Island an acceptable decision, or do they surge Americas most symbolic assets into a kill box. I have never been more unsure.
— I will continue to keep you updated.
Note: I am committed to providing you with the best available information regarding the wider world. This work is hard, exhausting, and it does not pay. Any support you can provide is now more important than ever. Thank you.
WASHINGTON, March 31 (Reuters) – A U.S. judge said on Tuesday that President Donald Trump cannot construct his planned $400 million ballroom on the site of the White House’s demolished East Wing without approval from Congress, halting for now one of the Republican president’s most visible efforts to reshape the seat of American power.
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